Predictors of complication after adrenalectomy

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate risk factors for complications in patients undergoing adrenalectomy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective search of our institutional database was performed of patients who underwent adrenalectomy, between 2014 and 2018. Clinical parameters and adrenal disorder characteristics were assessed and correlated to intra and post-operative course. Complications were analyzed within 30-days after surgery. A logistic regression was performed in order to identify independent predictors of morbidity in patients after adrenalectomy. Results: The files of 154 patients were reviewed. Median age and Body Mass Index (BMI) were 52-years and 27.8kg/m2, respectively. Mean tumor size was 4.9±4cm. Median surgery duration and estimated blood loss were 140min and 50mL, respectively. There were six conversions to open surgery. Minor and major post-operative complications occurred in 17.5% and 8.4% of the patients. Intra-operative complications occurred in 26.6% of the patients. Four patients died. Mean hospitalization duration was 4-days (Interquartile Range: 3-8). Patients age (p=0.004), comorbidities (p=0.003) and pathological diagnosis (p=0.003) were independent predictors of post-operative complications. Tumor size (p<0.001) and BMI (p=0.009) were independent predictors of intra-operative complications. Pathological diagnosis (p<0.001) and Charlson score (p=0.013) were independent predictors of death. Conclusion: Diligent care is needed with older patients, with multiple comorbidities and harboring unfavorable adrenal disorders (adrenocortical carcinoma and pheocromocytoma), who have greater risk of post-operative complications. Patients with elevated BMI and larger tumors have higher risk of intra, but not of post-operative complications.

Manejo quirúrgico del quiste adrenal gigante: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Surgical management of giant adrenal cyst: case report and review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de quiste adrenal (QA) gigante resecado por vía mínimamente invasiva y realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura disponible al respecto. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 54 años, con una masa retroperitoneal izquierda de crecimiento lento, asintomático, con imágenes y biopsia sugiriendo un QA complejo con sospecha de infiltración renal. Se indica una resección laparoscópica transabdominal. RESULTADOS: Se encuentra como hallazgo intraoperatorio un QA complejo hemorrágico de 9 cm de diámetro, con adherencia a la fascia de Gerota izquierda, logrando exéresis completa del QA por mínima invasión. El paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y fue dado de alta al segundo día posoperatorio. Es asintomático en 19 meses de seguimiento. Si bien los QA son benignos, los QA gigantes con crecimiento rápido, sintomáticos o de conversión hemorrágica, pueden ser resecados por adrenalectomía laparoscópica sin aumento de morbimortalidad. DISCUSIÓN: El abordaje laparoscópico de los QA no funcionales gigantes debe ser considerado como el manejo de elección. Es necesaria más evidencia sobre resultados en diferentes abordajes para generar recomendaciones claras. CONCLUSIÓN: Este reporte se suma a la evidencia actual en cuanto al abordaje mínimamente invasivo para QA gigantes hemorrágicos.

OBJECTIVE: Present a giant adrenal cyst (AC) case treated with minimally invasive resection and to perform a narrative literature review available. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 54 year-old male presents with a left retroperitoneal slow growing mass, no symptoms, with a complex AC evidenced by previous images and mass biopsy, with suspected renal infiltration. A transabdominal laparoscopic resection is indicated. RESULTS: A complex hemorrhagic 9 cm diameter AC was found, with adhesions to left Gerota's fascia. Complete resection of the AC was achieved through minimally invasive approach. The patient had an uneventful clinical recovery and was discharged on the second postoperative day. On 19th month of follow-up is completely asymptomatic. Even though the AC are benign lesions, the symptomatic giant AC, with fast growing ratio, and/or hemorrhagic conversion could be resected though laparoscopic adrenalectomy, with no increased morbidity or mortality. DISCUSSION: The laparoscopic approach for giant non-functional AC should be considered as the standard of care. More evidence is required in terms of surgical approach outcomes to define clear recommendations. CONCLUSION: This report adds to the actual evidence in terms of minimally invasive approach for hemorrhagic giant AC.

Experiência de 20 anos em adrenalectomia videolaparoscópica / Twenty-year experience in laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Introdução: As operações na glândula adrenal são realizadas para determinados cânceres, todas as massas biologicamente ativas, metástases, massas com mais de 4-5 cm encontradas incidentalmente e hiperplasia adrenal primária. Métodos: Estudo transversal e descritivo. Foram analisados os prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a adrenalectomia videolaparoscópica entre agosto de 1994 e novembro de 2014. Resultados: Foram realizadas 146 adrenalectomias videolaparoscópicas. Em 134 casos, foi realizada com sucesso, mas em 12 casos (8,2%), o procedimento foi convertido. Foram 97 pacientes do sexo feminino e 49 do sexo masculino, com idade variando de 9 a 81 anos (média de 46,7 anos). Foram removidas 56 adrenais direitas, 75 esquerdas e 15 bilaterais. O tamanho médio das adrenais foi de 5,7 cm, variando de 0,9 a 15 cm. A mediana do tempo de internação hospitalar pós-operatória foi de 4,5 dias. A mediana do tempo de cirurgia foi de 144 minutos. Houve complicações em 22,5% dos casos (maiores ­ casos em que houve conversão para cirurgia aberta, necessidade de reinternação hospitalar e óbito­ e menores), sendo 10,9% complicações intraoperatórias e 11,6% pós-operatórias. Apenas sete (4,7%) pacientes foram considerados complicações maiores. Conclusão: A cirurgia realizada em nosso serviço está de acordo com o descrito na literatura, com taxas aceitáveis de complicações, com motivos de conversão compatíveis e com as indicações totalmente aceitáveis e condizentes. A adrenalectomia videolaparoscópica é a cirurgia de escolha para patologias cirúrgicas da glândula adrenal, exceto em casos de carcinoma adrenal localmente invasivo com comprometimento de outras estruturas (AU)

Introduction: Adrenal gland surgery is performed for some types of cancer, all biologically active masses, metastases, masses larger than 4-5 cm found incidentally, and primary adrenal hyperplasia. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study. Medical records of patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy from August 1994 to November 2014 were analyzed. Results: A total of 146 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed. In 134 cases, laparoscopic adrenalectomy was successfully performed, but in 12 cases (8.2%), the procedure was converted. There were 97 female patients and 49 male patients. Fifty-six right adrenal glands and 75 left adrenal glands were removed, and 15 patients had both of them removed. The average size of adrenal glands was 5.7 cm, ranging from 0.9 to 1.5 cm. The median length of postoperative hospital stay was 4.5 days, ranging from 1 to 55 days. The median surgery time was 144 minutes. There were 22.5% of complications (major ones ­ cases that required conversion to open surgery, hospital readmission, and death ­ and minor ones), of which 10.9% were intraoperative and 11.6% were postoperative. Only seven (4.7%) patients were classified as having major complications. Conclusion: The surgery performed in our department is consistent with the literature, showing acceptable rates of complications, compatible reasons for conversion, and completely acceptable and consistent indications. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the surgery of choice for diseases of the adrenal gland, except for locally invasive adrenal carcinoma compromising other structures (AU)

La suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica, lecciones aprendidas / Learnt lessons from laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Introducción: La suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica se ha convertido en el estándar de tratamiento de las enfermedades benignas funcionales y no funcionales de las glándulas suprarrenales. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar los resultados de la suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Métodos: entre febrero de 2001 y septiembre de 2011, se condujo un estudio observacional descriptivo y prospectivo que incluyó 41 suprarrenalectomías laparoscópicas, realizadas en 36 pacientes. La evaluación diagnóstica preoperatoria se realizó en el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, y la prescripción del tratamiento quirúrgico en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, basados en un manejo multicéntrico y multidisciplinario. Los parámetros relacionados con el diagnóstico preoperatorio, detalles del procedimiento quirúrgico y cuidados posoperatorios, fueron analizados estadísticamente. Resultados: en 18 pacientes se extirpó la glándula suprarrenal izquierda, en 13 la derecha y en 5 pacientes la exéresis fue bilateral. El 75,6 por ciento de las intervenciones fueron realizadas en pacientes con enfermedad funcionante: hipercortisolismo endógeno (25), hiperaldosteronismo primario (3) y feocromocitoma (3). Las indicaciones por incidentalomas (10) fueron menos frecuentes. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 41 años (rango 21-65); el tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 210 min (rango 90-360); el sangrado intraoperatorio promedio de 84 mL (rango 10-400); el tamaño medio del tumor 4,6 cm (rango 0,9-8,5). Hubo 2 conversiones estadísticamente correlacionadas con el tamaño del tumor mayor de 5 cm (p= 0,046). No se reportaron complicaciones intraoperatorias y la sepsis de la herida quirúrgica se presentó en 2 pacientes. La mortalidad fue 0. Conclusiones: el enfoque multicéntrico y multidisciplinario, basado en las experiencias en el manejo endocrinológico y el acceso laparoscópico de 2 centros referenciales cubanos, permitió obtener resultados funcionales excelentes, una morbilidad perioperatoria mínima y una mortalidad nula(AU)

Introduction: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has turned into the standard treatment of functional and non-functional benign diseases in the adrenal glands. This study was aimed at evaluating the results of the laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the National Center of Minimal Access Surgery. Methods: a descriptive, observational and prospective study was conducted from February 2001 through September 2011 in which laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed to 36 patients. The preoperative diagnostic assessment was made at the National Institute of Endocrinology and the surgical treatment was prescribed in the National Center of Minimal Access Surgery, both based on the multicenter and multidisciplinary management. The preoperative diagnosis-related parameters, the surgical procedure details and the postoperative care were all statistically analyzed. Results: left adrenal gland was removed from 18 patients, the right one was removed in 13 and both glands in 5 patients. 75.6 percent of surgeries were performed in patients with functioning disease, endogenous hypercortisolism (25), primary hyperaldosteronism (3) and pheochromocytoma (3). Prescriptions for incidentalomas were less frequent. The mean age of patients was 41 years (range of 21-65); the average surgical time was 210 minutes (range of 90-360); the average intraoperative bleeding was 84mL (range of 10-400); the average size of tumor was 4.6 cm (range of 0.9-8.5). There were two conversions which are statistically correlated with over 5 cm tumors (p= 0.046). Intraoperative complications were unreported whereas surgical wound sepsis affected 2 patients. Mortality was null. Conclusions: the multicenter and multidisciplinary approach, based on experiences in endocrine management and laparoscopic access of two Cuban reference centers, allowed achieving excellent functional results, minimal perioperative morbidity and null mortality(AU)

Surgical management of adrenal cysts: a single-institution experience

Objective To analyze surgical methods and evaluate treatment efficacy and safety for managing adrenal cystic lesions. Materials and methods All patients presenting with adrenal lesions of the West China Hospital were reviewed retrospectively from January 2003 to April 2013 and 47 were diagnosed as adrenal cysts. Basic information, clinical history, physical examination, laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound and enhanced computed tomography were detailed noted. Cysts with different surgical management were analyzed and surgery option operative time, postoperative complications and after-surgery hospital stay were all noted. The final diagnosis was judged by histopathology. Patients were followed from 3 month to 10 years. Results All the 47 patients with a mean age of 43.8 years were managed by surgical intervention. Compared laparoscopic technology with open technology, the laparoscopic has the advantage of a shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay after surgery and enhanced cosmesis. The histopathologic result was: 23 (50%) were endothelial cysts and 16 (35%) were pseudocysts. One patient had evidence to recurrence at the followed-up stage. Conclusion Adrenal cysts are rare and with the development of imaging techniques many of these are diagnosed incidentally. CT has advantages in detecting the cysts with haemorrhage, intracystic debris, calcification and mixed adrenal mass. Minimally invasive surgery offers equivalent efficacy to traditional open procedures, while providing a shorter operation time, shorter convalescence and improved cosmesis. Patients after surgical resection should be followed up closely especially if functional cysts and histopathology of cystic tumor are present. .

Quiste suprarrenal primario / Primary adrenal cyst

Adrenal cyst is the commonest type of benign lesions of adrenal gland, althought is a very rare entity. Tipically, they are presented with abdominal pain or palpable mass, but nowdays they are detected most frecuently an imaging studies like incidentaloma. Adrenal Cyst have a broad differential diagnoses, rendering definitive diagnosis and subsequent management difficult. Are categorized into four subtypes: endothelial, pseudocyst, epithelial, and parasitic. This management paradigm may be summarized as: ruling out functional status of the cyst, evaluating chances of incidental malignancy by imaging, avoiding potential complications of surveillance (hemorrhage, infection), particularly in large cysts. A case of a patient with a left non-functioning adrenal cyst is reported, with abdominal pain. The diagnostic and therapeutic options are discussed and the literature is reviewed.

Los quistes suprarrenales son las lesiones quísticas más frecuentes de la glándula suprarrenal, a pesar de que constituyen una rara entidad. Típicamente se presentan por un cuadro de dolor abdominal o masa palpable, pero en la actualidad se detectan cada vez con más frecuencia en estudios radiológicos como incidentalomas. Los quistes suprarrenales cuentan con amplios diagnósticos diferenciales, lo que hace un difícil diagnóstico definitivo y una dificultad en el manejo posterior. Estos quistes se clasifican en cuatro subtipos: endoteliales, pseudoquiste, epiteliales y parasitarios. El manejo de un quiste suprarrenal se puede resumir en tres pilares fundamentales: descartar el estado funcional del quiste, evaluación de eventual malignidad por imágenes, y evitar las posibles complicaciones (hemorragia, infección), sobre todo en los quistes de gran tamaño. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con quiste suprarrenal izquierdo no funcionante asociado a dolor abdominal. Se realiza revisión de la literatura y se plantean los distintos diagnósticos y alternativas terapéuticas.

Hiperplasia endotelial papilífera de supra-renal: relato de caso / Papillary endothelial hyperplasia of adrenal: case report

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a benign and rare intravascular process thought to arise from an organizing thrombus. Involvement of the adrenal gland is extremely rare, with only one case reported in the literature. We report a case of this vascular lesion in the adrenal gland, treated with laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

Adrenalectomía laparoscópica: reporte de un caso / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy case report

Se practicó adrenalectomía laparoscópica a una paciente femenina de 49 años de edad, con diagnóstico de tumor suprarrenal derecho con hiperaldosteronismo primario. El abordaje que se utilizó fue el laparoscópico transabdominal con cuatro puertos de trabajo. La paciente egresó en buenas condiciones, con mejoría de sus comorbilidades, sin complicaciones...

Adrenalectomía laparoscópica: lecciones aprendidas en 110 procedimientos consecutivos / Lapararoscopic adrenalectomy: lessons learned from 110 consecutive procedures

Objetivo: Se presenta una serie personal de 110 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas efectuadas en forma consecutiva, destacando las indicaciones, técnica quirúrgica, complicaciones y resultados. Material y Método: Entre Junio de 1993 y Junio del 2003, se realizaron 110 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas en 102 pacientes, 62 mujeres y 40 hombres con una edad promedio de 47,2 años (8-78 años). Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron: incidentaloma 23,6 por ciento, cáncer metastásico 22,7 por ciento, hiperaldosteronismo 17,3 por ciento,feocromocitoma 15,5 por ciento, síndrome de Cushing 7,3 por ciento, quiste adrenal 6,4 por ciento, mielolipoma 3,6 por ciento y teratoma 1,8 por ciento. Resultados: El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 94.2 minutos (25-240 minutos), el sangrado intraoperatorio fue de 116,9 mL (0-2500 mL), la conversión a cirugía abierta fue necesaria en 1 paciente (0,9 por ciento) debido a sangrado. La estadía hospitalaria fue de 2,5 días (1-10 días). Se registró complicación en 3 pacientes (2,7 por ciento) y hubo una muerte (0,9 por ciento) durante la cirugía. El tamaño promedio fue de 4,2 cm (1,5- 14 cm) y los diagnósticos anatomopatológicos más frecuentes fueron: adenoma 27,3 por ciento, hiperplasia nodular 18,2 por ciento, cáncer metastático 17,3 por ciento y feocromocitoma 14,5 por ciento. Conclusiones: La adrenalectomía laparoscópica evolucionó durante la década pasada hasta establecerse como la técnica de elección para la cirugía adrenal. Basado tanto en la experiencia personal como en los artículos aparecidos en la literatura, este abordaje reporta resultados quirúrgicos comparables a cirugía abierta, pero con claras ventajas para la cirugía laparoscópica en lo que se refiere a complicaciones, estadía hospitalaria, período de convalecencia y resultado cosmético.

Traumatic rupture of adrenal pseudocyst leading to massive hemorrhage in retroperitoneum

We present the case of a patient who had a large pseudocyst in the right adrenal gland, which was ruptured following blunt abdominal trauma, leading to a voluminous hemorrhage in retroperitoneum. A 29-year old female patient was admitted in the emergency room following a fall from stairs with trauma in right flank. She underwent a computerized tomography that evidenced a large retroperitoneal collection, with no apparent renal damage. She was submitted to surgery, where a large ruptured cyst was observed, originating from the upper portion of the right adrenal gland. Cystic diseases of adrenal gland are rare. Highly voluminous cysts can be damaged in cases of blunt trauma to the lumbar region leading to large hematomas in retroperitoneum.

Adrenal cyst

Adrenal cysts are rarely seen lesions. Most are asymptomatic and less than 10 cm. Adrenal cysts, most of which are diagnosed incidentally, can be diagnosed more by wide usage of diagnostic imaging methods. Symptoms appear when they grow to a large size causing pain or gastrointestinal disturbance or become palpable. In this article, a case of a large left adrenal cyst, 12 cm diameter was causing abdominal pain in a 20-year-old female patient subsequently removed totally by surgical excision with adrenalectomy is presented and treatment modalities was discussed

Doenças benignas e malignas das supra-renais / Benign and malignant diseases of the adrenal

The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive, simplified and didactic vision of the adrenal diseases. The main characteristics of adrenal cortical tumors (aldosterona producing tumors and adrenal cortical tumors), medullary tumors (pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma), stromal tumors, metastatic tumors, as well as benign lesion (adrenal cortical hyperplasia, cysts, psudocysts, granulomas and abcesses) are described. A minimal biochemical assessment which may be more cost-effective is suggested. The role of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance in each of the above situations is emphasized. The surgical removal of the lesion by laparoscopy, lumbotomy or thoraco-laparotomy is the best treatment in almost all patients. The surgical procedures are safe when adequate pre-operative preparation in undertaken. The surgical exploration provides the pathological diagnosis avoiding the need for life-term follow-up with expensive exams and offers the best chance of definitive cure

Experiencia en cirugía suprarrenal / Experience in adrenal surgery

Entre 1982 y 1995, nuestra unidad operó 42 pacientes con patología suprarrenal.Fueron 13 portadores de Enfermedad de Cushing, 11 con feocromocitomas, 6 con adenomas funcionantes, 5 neoplasias malignas, 5 tumores incidentales y 2 casos misceláneos. La vía de abordaje fue transperitoneal. Se efectuaron 14 adrenalectomías bilaterales y 27 unilaterales, incluidas 3 ampliadas por cáncer. La tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias fue de 20 por ciento, básicamente respiratorias. Un caso reoperado por hemoperitoneo, y 1 fallecido (2 por ciento). Otros 4 casos de cáncer suprarrenal fallecen dentro de 24 meses. Se mantienen en control actualmente, 33 de los 37 pacientes restantes, con sobrevida entre 2 y 13 años. La vía de abordaje abdominal es conveniente para el manejo de estas lesiones